"METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE ON BOARD THE STEAM YACHT ""SOUTHERN CROSS"", BETWEEN HOBART AND LAT. 78° 35' S, DECEMBER 1898 TO MARCH 1900" Date Lat Long Barometer Air Temperature Sea Temperature Specific Gravity Wind Amount of Cloud Weather Remarks S E Mean Highest Lowest Mean Highest Lowest Mean Highest Lowest ° ' ° ' ins ins ins ° ° ° ° ° ° Direction Force 1898. Dec. 22 47 41 150 22 30.091 30.108 30.065 50 51 46 52 1.029 S by W veering to W by S 2 10 og 23 49 46 150 45 29.864 29.984 29.720 47 51 46 49 49 48 1.027 N by E veering to NE by E 4 10 o Bright patches of light in sea. Luminous appearance in sky between S and SE. 24 51 47 152 13 29.543 29.621 29.480 46 49 43 47 50 46 1.027 "NNE backing to NNW, to S " 7 10 P 25 53 13 155 23 29.786 29.801 29.761 45 48 43 46 47 45 1.027 S by W veering to SW by W 5 10 odf 26 53 26 156 20 29.832 29.838 29.831 41 45 44 46 47 45 1.029 SW by S 3 10 o 27 55 23 156 44 29.488 29.682 29.421 44 45 41 44 45 43 1.029 "SW by S veering to NNW, and backing to W by N" 3-7 10 rm Whales seen. 28 58 27 158 20 29.288 29.293 29.286 40 43 34 41 44 39 1.028 WNW backing to SW 7-1 10 f 29 60 24 158 48 28.904 28.997 28.812 35 37 34 37 38 35 1.030 "SW veering to NNW, NE to SW" 5-1-4 10 rs 30 61 56 158 53 29.249 29.291 29.220 35 36 32 33 35 30 1.030 SW veering to W 4-2 10 fd First piece of ice. Beset with ice. 31 62 41 159 25 29.244 29.315 29.192 32 34 28 30 32 30 1.025 "NNE veering to NE, ESE backing to NE" 2 10 f Shot first seal. Fin whale. Ice becoming very heavy. 1899. Jan. 1 63 38 160 6 29.561 29.619 29.502 28 32 23 30 31 30 1.025 "E, ESE veering to S " 1 3 be 2 63 41 160 16 29.730 29.743 29.712 30 34 23 30 30 29 1.025 "Calm, SSW veering to WNW " 0-3 8 c 3 63 40 160 36 29.566 29.594 29.546 32 33 27 30 30 29 1.025 WNW backing to WSW 3-1 10 s "Deep-sea temperatures at: 500 mtrs-35.2°, 300 mtrs-33.8°, 150 mtrs-32.0°, 50 mtrs-29.3° " 4 63 45 160 31 29.681 29.712 29.642 30 31 30 30 30 29 1.025 "SSW, SW, S by W, SSW " 2 9 c 5 64 8 160 52 29.674 29.703 29.634 30 32 28 30 30 30 1.025 SW backing to S 1 10 s 6 63 34 160 58 29.419 29.463 29.372 31 34 28 30 31 29 1.025 "SSW veering to WSW, WNW, W, Calm, ENE to E" 1 10 s 7 63 43 161 6 29.335 29.443 29.281 30 31 28 30 30 29 1.025 "ENE to E, back to ENE " 4-7 10 s 8 63 43 161 6 29.600 29.639 29.568 30 32 29 30 30 29 1.025 ENE 6-1 10 o Long swell from NNE. 9 63 43 161 6 29.727 29.758 29.670 32 33 29 30 30 30 1.025 NE backing to NNE and N . 1. 10 o Long swell from NNE. 10 63 57 161 30 29.346 29.447 29.261 33 33 32 30 30 29 1.025 "NNW veering to NNE, and WSW" 2 10 sdf Swell almost subsided. "Mean results - Dec.31 1898 to Jan.10 1899. From Lat 62° 41' to 64° 8' S, and Long 159° 25' to 161° 30' E." 29.535 29.758 29.192 30.7 34 23 30.0 32 29 1.025 9.0 11 64 46 161 50 29.339 29.395 29.310 33 34 30 30 30 30 1.025 "WSW, W, WSW to S " 2 10 md 12 65 3 161 42 29.678 29.689 29.663 33 36 29 32 34 29 "S, Calm, NE, NNE " 0-2 0-7 s Land sighted at 12.30 p.m.- Much open water. 13 65 52 162 32 29.286 29.293 29.275 30 32 29 31 31 30 1.025 "NNE, N, Calm " 2-5-0 10 s 14 65 48 163 16 29.718 29.782 29.625 31 33 29 30 30 30 1.025 "WSW, SW to W " 3 9 c 15 65 55 164 7 29.884 29.891 29.882 32 33 31 30 31 30 1.024 "W, NW, Calm, WNW " 2-0-5 10 rf 16 65 43 164 9 29.645 29.676 29.633 31 34 28 29 29 29 1.024 "WSW, WNW, backing to W" 6-2-6 10 o 17 65 43 164 9 29.344 29.467 29.193 31 33 29 30 30 29 1.024 "WNW, NW " 3 9 dfh 18 65 43 164 9 29.102 29.267 29.022 31 32 26 30 30 29 1.025 "NW backing to WSW, then S " 4 10 hr Six icebergs in sight. "Mean results - Jan.11 to 18 1899. From Lat 64° 46' to 65° 55' S, and Long 161° 42' to 164° 9' E." 29.499 29.891 29.022 31.5 36 26 30.2 34 29 1.025 9.0 19 65 43 165 47 29.778 29.787 29.767 27 32 22 30 30 29 1.026 "SSE, S, SW, NNW" 1 1 b 20 66 4 166 51 29.736 29.750 29.710 26 31 20 30 31 29 1.026 "NW changing to SSE, calm, ENE, then SSE" 0-1 2-10 m 21 66 16 166 56 29.573 29.610 29.545 30 31 28 29 30 29 1.026 "ESE to SSW, backing to ESE" 0-3 10 fs No open water. 22 66 16 166 16 29.437 29.453 29.433 30 32 28 29 29 29 1.026 SE 3-5 10 s 23 No observation 29.533 29.605 29.491 30 32 29 29 29 29 1.026 SE 5 10 sm Severe screwing of ice. 24 No observation 29.703 29.716 29.700 32 33 30 30 30 30 1.026 "SE backing to ENE, veering to E." 3-1 10 ms Severe screwing of ice. 25 No observation 29.726 29.752 29.715 32 35 29 30 31 29 1.025 NE 0-1 10 m 26 66 34 166 5 29.739 29.773 29.697 30 31 28 30 30 29 1.025 "E to ENE, veering to SSE, then backing to E" 1 10 o 27 66 35 166 8 29.563 29.615 29.534 29 30 27 29 30 29 1.025 E to ENE 1-4 10 o Ruddy sky in SE. 28 66 35 165 54 29.546 29.587 29.526 29 32 26 29 29 29 1.026 NE to E 4-2 10 o Deep-sea temperature at 500 fms. 33° .1 29 66 45 165 40 29.689 29.719 29.665 27 33 17 29 30 28 1.026 "ESE backing to ENE, then veering to ESE" 3-1 9-2 "c, b" 30 66 45 165 25 29.786 29.787 29.785 25 31 17 29 30 28 1.025 SE to S 0-1 2 bc 31 66 46 165 29 29.669 29.722 29.622 26 31 21 29 29 28 1.026 SSE veering to WNW 1-0-2 9-0 "c, b" 1899. Feb. 1 66 41 165 40 29.391 29.462 29.351 26 31 21 29 29 29 1.026 "WNW, WSW, W" 4-2-7 2-9 c 2 66 37 165 49 29.433 29.444 29.408 28 31 24 29 30 29 1.026 W backing to E 6-1 10-2-8 c 3 66 37 165 48 29.354 29.433 29.329 29 31 26 29 30 29 1.026 E veering to ESE 1-3 5-10 "c, o" 4 66 40 No obs 29.134 29.241 29.051 28 30 27 29 29 29 1.026 ESE veering to SSE 1-7 9 s 5 No observation 29.043 29.079 29.021 28 31 24 29 29 29 1.026 "SSE veering to SSW, backing to SE" 7-2 10 s Large patch of open water. 6 66 37 164 49 29.163 29.219 29.138 27 30 24 29 30 29 1.026 "SE to SSE, backing E, then veering to SE" 0-3 10 s Moored to large iceberg. 7 66 20 164 37 29.495 29.602 29.387 27 31 22 29 30 29 1.026 "SE to SSE, changing to NNW" 3-0-1 10-3 "o, bc" 8 66 7 164 37 29.540 29.645 29.420 27 31 22 29 30 29 1.026 "WSW veering to NE, backing to NNE" 1-6 3-10 f Hoar-frost. 9 65 52 165 7 29.057 29.166 28.950 32 33 31 29 30 29 1.026 "NE backing to WNW, NW to WNW" 10-2 10 s 10 65 33 165 48 29.575 29.578 29.520 31 33 27 29 31 29 1.026 "WNW backing to SSW, calm, SW" 1 10-2-7 "o, c" "Colour of sea-water, blue. Large open patches of water." "Mean results - Jan.19 to Feb.10 1899. From Lat 65° 33' to 66° 46' S, and Long 164° 37' to 166° 56' E." 29.512 29.787 28.950 28.5 35 17 29.2 31 28 1.026 77 11 66 1 169 8 29.541 29.598 29.445 29 32 27 30 31 30 1.022 SW veering to N 1-3 7-10 f Swell from NE. Hoar Frost. Much fresh water at surface. 12 65 4 173 53 28.844 28.996 28.756 31 32 31 31 31 31 1.025 "N to NNE, backing to NNW" 4-8-2 10 s Icebergs in sight. 13 67 13 173 7 28.746 28.822 28.709 31 32 30 30 32 30 1.024 NNW veering to ENE 5-0-3 10 f 14 69 13 173 0 29.148 29.213 29.059 30 32 23 30 32 30 1.023 E backing to WNW 5-2 10 s Many icebergs. In sight of ice pack. 15 70 43 172 51 29.246 29.275 29.233 28 29 23 30 31 30 1.024 "WNW veering to NNW, back to WNW, changing to ESE" 1-10 10 s "In the pack. Land sighted, Cape Adare." 16 71 8 172 29 29.312 29.317 29.279 27 28 26 29 30 29 SE 10 10 s 17 70 50 171 46 29.148 29.199 29.110 27 28 25 30 31 30 ESE 9-0 10 s Anchored at Cape Adare in 11 fms. water. "Mean results - Feb.13 to Feb.17 1899. From Lat 67° 13' to 71° 8' S, and Long 171° 46' to 173° 7' E." 29.120 29.317 28.709 28.6 32 23 29.8 32 29 1.024 10.0 1900. Feb. 3 Possession Is. 29.195 29.269 29.070 29 31 28 31 31 31 "SSW backing to SSE, changing to WNW" 3-1 10-1 s 4 73 28 170 58 29.079 29.140 29.030 27 30 24 30 30 30 "SSE veering to SSW, then calm" 2-0 2-0 b "Fast to ice-foot near Cape Constance. Varn. Of comp. 94°E. (By Admty. Chart, 60°E)." 5 73 49 171 52 29.248 29.376 29.110 29 31 28 30 32 29 "SSE backing to NE, ENE, changing to NW, then SW to calm" 2-0 0-9-1 "b, c" "Heavy swell from SE by E. \-," 6 74 32 168 2 29.197 29.375 29.031 30 33 27 31 32 30 Variable 2-0 10-2 "o, bc" Light south-easterly swell. 7 74 43 166 41 29.203 29.276 29.050 29 32 25 29 30 29 "S to SW, changing to ENE, then SSE" 0-5 2 bc 8 No observation 29.369 29.428 29.310 23 28 17 29 29 28 "SW veering to WNW, WSW to ENE" 4-0 9 s Close in to barrier near Cape Gauss 9 No observation 29.353 29.402 29.245 27 29 25 30 31 29 "Calm, NW backing to WSW, then NW changing to S" 1 9 s Off Franklin Island. 10 77 17 168 15 29.045 29.210 28.950 24 27 15 30 31 30 "E backing to NE, then veering to SE" 1-4 10-6-8 "o, c" "Varn. of compass 130° E. (By Admty chart, 120°E)." 11 No observation 29.048 29.172 28.951 1 4 -6 28 29 27 "SE to SSE, back to SE" 1-6-2 2 f "Vapour in state of congelation. Clear 80 feet above ship's deck. ''" 12 78 4 168 15 29.292 29.390 29.175 8 20 -4 28 29 28 SSE backing to NNE 4-1 2-9 f "Mean results - Feb.3 to Feb.12 1900. From Lat 72° to 78° 4' S, and Long 166° 41' to 171° 52' E." 29.203 29.428 28.950 22.7 33 -6 29.6 32 27 5.4 13 No observation 29.194 29.405 29.868 22 23 20 29 29 28 1.018 NNE veering to ESE 2-10 10 s 14 77 53 178 9 29.436 29.520 29.272 18 23 14 29 29 28 1.019 "E veering to SSW, backing to ESE" 8-2 8 s Many large icebergs in sight. 15 No obs 172 59 29.096 29.253 29.014 27 28 26 29 30 29 "N veering to NE, backing to S" 8-3 10 o Very heavy swell. 16 78 35 164 10 29.031 29.097 28.928 14 23 6 29 30 29 "SSE veering to SW, backing to SE" 2 10 sf Steaming through belt of pancake ice. 17 78 35 164 10 28.883 28.908 28.830 8 11 5 28 29 27 "Calm, SSW, S to SW" 0-1 10 sf Fast to Great Ice Barrier. 18 78 35 164 10 29.015 29.038 28.982 1 9 -7 29 29 28 "SW backing to SSE, veering to SSW" 1 10 sm Sea freezing 19 78 35 164 10 29.195 29.410 29.040 2 15 -12.5 28 29 28 "SSW changing to N, back to W" 5-1 1-10 f Sea frozen in vicinity of Ice Barrier to a depth 4 inches. 20 78 8 168 35 29.222 29.340 29.118 27 30 23 29 29 29 "NW veering to N, backing to SW" 3 6-1 10 s Heavy swell from E. "Mean results - Feb.16 to Feb.20 1900. From Lat 78° 8' to 78° 35' S, and Long 164° 10' to 168° 35' E." 29.069 29.41 28.83 10.4 30 -12.5 28.6 30 27 9.2 21 77 21 176 5 29.271 29.325 29.172 22 28 18 29 30 29 WSW backing to SSE 1-6 10 in 22 76 7 174 19 29.165 29.277 28.973 19 20 17 29 30 29 "SE veering to NW, backing to SW" 7-1-7 10-4 "o, c" 23 75 34 171 31 28.896 28.930 28.878 19 21 16 29 30 29 "SSW veering to NW, back to S" 7-3 4-9 c 24 76 7 174 19 28.850 28.908 28.748 16 18 14 29 29 29 "S veering to SW, changing to NE, then SW veering to NW" 3-1-5 10-3-9 s 25 74 33 174 1 28.676 28.720 28.633 20 22 19 29 29 29 "W backing to S, then veering to SSW" 5-3-7 10 s Heavy squall. 26 71 35 174 13 28.627 28.680 28.568 22 26 19 30 30 29 SW veering to NNE 7-2 10 o "Mean results - Feb.22 to Feb.26 1900. From Lat 71° 35' to 76° 7' S, and Long 171° 31' to 174° 19' E." 28.843 29.277 28.568 19.2 26 14 8.2 27 70 34 174 23 28.468 28.550 28.400 26 28 24 29 29 29 NE backing to N 4-0-2 10-5-9 "0, c" Many icebergs in sight. 28 69 22 174 8 28.807 28.964 28.664 25 28 23 30 30 29 "NNE backing to NNW, veering to ENE" 2 9 c 1900 Mar. 1 68 12 175 50 28.779 29.014 28.519 30 33 26 31 32 30 "NNW veering to ENE, backing to N." 2 10 sqrm 2 67 13 174 15 28.696 28.978 28.542 32 33 31 32 33 32 "NNE backing to WNW, veering to NNW" 1-7 10 r Heavy swell. 3 65 36 171 34 29.318 29.440 29.171 31 34 28 33 34 32 WNW veering to NNE 6-1-4 10-3-10 s m "Mean results - Feb.27 to March 3 1900. From Lat 65° 36' to 70° 34' S, and Long 171° 34' to 175° 50' E." 28.814 29.440 28.400 28.8 34 23 31.0 34 29 9.0 4 64 29 169 30 29.222 29.236 29.168 34 36 32 34 34 34 NE to ENE 5 10 smd Large iceberg in sight. 5 63 28 165 19 29.423 29.593 29.238 36 37 35 35 36 34 NNW to N 2 10-4-10 r Iceberg in sight. 6 62 41 166 14 29.397 29.580 29.230 38 39 36 36 36 36 "N veering to NE, back to N, then NE." 2-5 10 r 7 62 32 164 42 28.797 29.060 28.700 37 40 35 36 37 36 NE backing to NNW 5-9-6 9 r "Brilliant aurora polaris in zenith. Aurora fromESE to WNW across zenith, slow movement." 8 62 18 165 47 28.875 29.102 28.690 36 37 35 37 37 36 NNW backing to NW 7-4 9 4 c "Aurora from WNW to ESE across zenith, and in the WSW and SSE 40° above horizon, very brilliant. " 9 61 23 167 3 29.066 29.252 28.925 36 37 34 38 39 36 NNW backing to WSW 3-6 3-10-5 s Squall of fine hard snow. "Mean results - March 4 to 9 1900. From Lat 61° 23' to 64° 29' S, and Long 164° 42' to 169° 30' E." 29.130 29.593 28.690 36.2 40 32 36.0 39 34 8.3 10 59 58 166 34 29.483 29.555 29.438 37 39 35 39 40 38 WSW backing to E 1 10 o 11 58 19 165 8 29.740 29.822 29.585 42 44 39 41 42 41 "ENE to E, backing to NE" 1-5 10 o 12 57 4 163 31 29.648 29.753 29.570 41 44 38 41 42 40 NE backing to N 6-1 10 rf 13 57 15 161 36 29.626 29.755 29.492 40 41 38 41 41 40 "NNW backing to WNW, veering N." 0-6-4 10 m Heavy swell from NNE. 14 55 55 163 8 29.465 29.620 29.325 44 47 41 42 44 40 NNW backing to NW 6-3-7 10 r Heavy downpour of rain. 15 55 3 164 39 29.058 29.240 28.875 47 49 45 45 46 45 "NW veering to NNW, backing to WNW" 6-8-5 10 r Heavy sea. "Mean results - March 10 to 15 1900. From Lat 55° 3' to 59° 58' S, and Long 161° 36' to 166° 34' E." 29.503 29.822 28.875 41.8 49 35 41.5 46 38 10.0 16 54 17 165 50 29.313 29.610 29.150 45 46 44 47 47 47 "WNW to NW, backing to WSW" 5-3 10-3-8 "o, c, h" Heavy swell. Hail squall. 17 53 13 166 53 29.472 29.605 29.290 47 50 44 48 48 47 WSW veering to NW 5-3-8 10 r 18 52 37 167 7 29.183 29.333 29.040 49 49 47 49 49 48 "W veering to NW, backing to WSW" 6-0-7 10 o 19 51 30 167 18 29.599 29.760 29.415 49 50 47 49 49 49 "WSW veering to N, backing to W" 7-4 5-10-5 "e, o, c" 20 50 51 166 56 29.867 29.932 29.789 50 51 50 49 49 49 W veering to NW 4-1 3-10 "c, o" "Mean results - March 16 to 20 1900. From Lat 50° 15' to 54° 17' S, and Long 165° 50' to 167° 18' E." 29.487 29.932 29.040 48.0 51 44 48.4 49 47 8.0